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As many copies by way of reproducing themselves It’s not quite equivalent to The Selfish Gene but for our purposes individual selection And this can play out in a The Beatles Abbey Road Peanut Snoopy Youth Kids T-Shirt number of realms And bringing in sort of a big dichotomy in thinking about evolutionary pressures Darwin and the theory of natural selection What natural selection is about is processes bringing about an organism who is more adaptive what we just went through Darwin soon recognized there was a second realm of selection which he called sexual selection And what that one’s about is this is selecting for traits that have no value whatsoever in terms of survival or anything like that Traits that carry no adaptive value but for some random bizarre reason the opposite sex likes folks who look this way So they get to leave more copies of their genes And suddenly you could have natural selection bringing about big sharp antlers in male moose and they use that for fighting off predators or fighting with a male That would be natural selection Sexual selection might account for the fact that the antlers are green paisley patterns all over for that And for some reason that looks cool The female moose is and what you wind up getting as a mechanism for sexual selection is as long as individuals prefer to mate with individuals with some completely arbitrary traits those traits will also become more common So this dichotomy of natural selection for traits driven by traits that really do aid leaving copies of genes outside the realm of just sheer sexual preference sexual selection And sometimes they can go in absolutely opposite directions You can get some species where the female fish prefer male fish that have very bright coloration And that’s advantageous then to have the bright coloration by means of sexual selection But the bright coloration makes you more likely to get predated by some other fish Natural selection pushing against bright coloration in males Very often you’ve got the two going against each other having to. This morning when the trophy arrives and you put it in place can we can we consider agree a deal that we can have a look at that and see it there because that’s going to be a magic moment for you and your family it’s been lovely talking to you thank you so much take care emma well done thank you for having me thanks see the headlines as they happen and watch bbc news live in the app and get the full story with bbc dot co dot uk forward slash news follow the story for all the latest with bbc news it is unequivocal that human activities are responsible for climate change that’s the finding of a new study by the un’s intergovernmental panel on climate change it’s the most up to date assessment of how global warming will change the world in the coming decades environmental experts have called it a massive wake up call to governments to cut emissions 234 authors from 66 countries have worked on the landmark assessment the report says global average temperature rise could reach or exceed 1 5 degrees celsius in the next 20 years now that is 10 years sooner than expected that temperature rise will breach the ambition of the 2015 paris climate agreement and bring widespread devastation and unprecedented extreme weather this all comes less than three months before the cop 26 climate conference in glasgow in scotland vital un talks that will determine the future course of efforts to tackle climate change and the uk minister responsible for delivering cop 26 has released this statement following the publication of today’s report he says our message to every country government business and part of society is simple the next decade is decisive follow the science and embrace your responsibility to keep the goal of 1 5 degrees celsius alive our environment and energy analyst roger harebin has more wildfires blazing through greece and turkey have horrified people in the region the panel concludes we’ll see a lot more fires as temperatures continue to rise and rise they will as greenhouse gas emissions keep growing and growing the increased heat will change weather patterns bringing more droughts and more rainfall researchers say london was shocked to find areas underwater a few weeks ago rainfall patterns are hard to predict but experts say northern europe will be wetter overall at london’s hampstead ponds they’ve already had to raise and reinforce the dams to protect hundreds of homes downstream from the sort of floods expected in extreme rains that are forecast to come the cost has been huge we’re already paying the price of ignoring scientists warnings on climate change so this report states as an absolute fact that human influence is warming the climate and that’s a very stark reminder that it is our activities which are changing the climate and affecting these extreme weather events and as the planet continues to warm these consequences just get worse ice in the arctic is melting faster than many scientists predicted that leads to sea level rise which in turn increases coastal flooding the seas will keep rising for maybe thousands of years because the ocean deep has absorbed so much heat already political attitudes are changing the uk is getting electric cars we need clean technology for home heating too in the words of one leading scientist we’re not doomed but if we want to avoid catastrophe we have to drastically cut emissions now roger harriban bbc news valerie masson delmot is a climate scientist and co chair of one of the ipcc working groups which produced the climate change report she said the threshold of keeping the global temperature at 1 5 degrees celsius limit will be breached around 2050 the report shows that in the next 20 years global warming the average temperature at the earth’s surface over a period of 20 years is expected to reach or exceed 1 5 degrees celsius above the late 1800s however if we rapidly reduce greenhouse gas emissions if we can reach global net zero co2 emissions around 2050 it is extremely likely that we can keep global warming well below 2 degrees if we do this it is more likely than not that. Images was and then we compared general radiologists to the algorithm at the task and found that they had similar levels of performance so these are all stanford radiologists so so they’re they’re trained they should be good yeah Music reading x rays accurately is a complicated process but artificial intelligence is making fast progress when it comes to identifying or recognizing simple images computers have surpassed human accuracy now if I look at your picture it’s always probability so there are cases where the machine is not really sure what what would be sort of a clear decision to say okay this is I don’t know pneumonia or something else yeah I think I mean I think it’s good to talk in terms of probabilities because probabilities also give a sense of the algorithm the model’s uncertainty on that particular problem I think one difficulty with probabilities is that it does make it hard for humans to interpret like what is the probability of 88 versus 92 percent mean in terms of the decision I should make in the clinic and so I think in that sense one of the things that we could experiment with doing in the future is rather than showing probabilities that are so fine grained maybe we can show things like unlikely or this pathology is likely or this pathology is possible in healthcare artificial intelligence is powering a revolution scientists are using artificial intelligence algorithms to sift through seemingly banal data such as the up and down motion of the steps we take every day they’re looking for conspicuous patterns that could serve as early warning signs of disease scientists in the english city of birmingham are working on a revolutionary diagnostic method to date there are no specific tests to detect parkinson’s disease making diagnosis difficult ai could change that max little is a mathematician at aston university Music very good voice changes can be an early indicator of parkinson’s max and his team collected thousands of vocal recordings and fed them to an algorithm they developed which learned to detect differences in voice patterns between people with and without the condition in a lab based study of the recordings the algorithm was able to correctly identify a parkinson’s diagnosis nearly 99 of the time max little’s work is an example of the far reaching changes ai is bringing to the field of medicine it’s no longer just doctors who are using artificial intelligence to develop new diagnostic methods but data scientists programmers and mathematicians like max Music one example when a person walks sensors in their smartphone register the up and down motion of their gate Music but what information can be gleaned from such data if we measured a pattern of someone’s walking behavior then someone who’s healthy might have we might measure the accelerometer to look like that okay so it’s just the sort of movement he would have here yeah the hips going up and down regularly that kind of thing along with their pace but if you looked at somebody with parkinson’s disease they may have these small

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Kinship Animals can do this All sorts of primate species can do this And as we’ll see all sorts of other species can do this also There is that caveat again All sorts of other species want to figure out who their cousins they don’t want to figure out Evolution has sculpted an ability to optimize behavior along lines of relatedness in all sorts of species So how would natural selection play out in this realm of kin selection I will lay down my life for eight cousins And that’s just sort of obvious there by now How would sexual selection play out in this realm I am willing to expend great amounts of energy to convince people that my sibling is incredibly hot And with any chance then passing on more copies of genes That would be inclusive fitness kin selection in both cases Decreasing your own reproductive potential by way of being killed by a The Beatles Abbey Road Peanut Snoopy Youth Kids T-Shirt predator to save the 8 cousins or having to spend so much time haranguing about your sibling Doings that in order to increase the reproductive success of relatives where you were willing to give up more energy and potential on your part the more closely related the individual is So you throw those two pieces together and you’re suddenly off and running with explaining a lot of animal behavior Individual selection none of this for the good of the species Maximizing the number of copies of your own genes And the easiest way the most straightforward is you yourself maximizing reproduction Foundation number two the whole thing kin selection Sometimes the best way of leaving more copies of genes in the next generation is using up your own reproductive potential foregoing to help relatives as a function of degree of relatedness OK that’s great So now the third piece the third final building block of making sense of social behavior in the context of real contemporary evolutionary theory the third block here Which is you look at animals and they’re not all just competing with non relatives Animals forego competition at certain points Animals. Them they’re gonna become as unstoppable in the future is this guns are for example cheap drones that you might be able to buy for a few hundred euros where you just program and the address of somebody and their face it flies there identifies them with face recognition kills them self destruct perfect for anyone who wants to murder some politician or ethnic cleansing on a given ethnic food if this sort of technology of these slaughter BOTS becomes widespread it’s gonna have an absolutely devastating effect on open xiety that we have wouldn’t nobody anymore is gonna feel they have the courage really the challenge criticize anybody any science can be used for new ways of helping people or new ways of harming people biologists succeeded in getting biological weapons banned which is why we think your biology now is a source of new cures physicists on the other hand we kind of failed because nuclear weapons are still here and not going away AI researchers want to be more like the biologists and have AI be remembered as something which really made the world better we’ve come to Lugano Switzerland to interview jurgen schmidhuber about his work with artificial intelligence Schmidt Huber is co director of the dalla male Institute for artificial intelligence research his work focuses on neural networks which imitate the functions of the human brain these networks are capable of learning and adapting to the world around them just as human children do Schmidt Huber points out that right now the human brain has a million times more neural connections than the best AI systems but computers are becoming much faster and could become smarter than humans in 20 or 30 years Schmidt Hoover says that when that happens the only things that would distinguish people from machines would be flesh and blood but what about human attributes such as compassion creativity love and empathy in what’s your nan soon noggins and ki systems are capable of developing their own versions of emotion and affection for example if you were to give several of these systems a task that they could only complete by working together they would learn how to do that artificial brains would come to the conclusion that to get the job done they’d have to cooperate with each other once was something I can get under the ceiling when I’m a can see and fell off these are intact and during this interaction the systems would learn to rely on each other so there’s a reason to believe that one of the side effects of this cooperative efforts would be the development of concepts such as love and affection as NEMA effect hatsune alla collaboration but can artificial intelligent systems learn to empathize with humans thank you Music we return to Brussels where the ethics committee is discussing the topic of social AI some AI systems are already pretty capable of functioning just as humans would Thomas Metzinger has called for clear guidelines that govern the interaction between people and machines I shall be here in fur and fur board I’ve just called for a ban on AI systems that. Not necessarily related so we’ve just left the world of kin selection They’re not necessarily related but they have reciprocal altruists system Each female comes in disgorges the blood and feeds everybody’s babies And they all feed each other’s babies and everything is terrific And they have this blood vampire commune going there And they’ve reached a nice state of stable cooperation Now make the bats think that one of the females is cheating on them Out comes that female flying off to find some blood and instead you net her and get a hold of her and take some syringe full of air and pump up the throat sack so the throat sack is really full and distended but there’s no blood in there You’ve just pumped air into there And stick her back into the nest there And she’s just sitting there happily and the other females are sitting saying look at her look at how much blood she’s got there I can’t believe it because she’s not feeding our kids She’s cheating on us And the next time they go out to feed the other females don’t feed her kids A tit for tat What you saw here is an exact example of introducing signal error Signal error in this case being some grad student pumping up the throat of some vampire bat and showing that they’re using a version of a tit for tat strategy Totally amazing People were blown away by this Another example fish Stickleback fish who in the world of animals you know bats are probably not some of the brightest folks around But I don’t think sticklebacks are within light years of them But stickleback fish can do a tit for tat strategy Here’s what you do You have a stickleback fish in your fish tank and you make the fish believe that he’s being attacked by another fish What do you do You put a mirror up against the edge of the tank there So within a very short time I told you they were not that smart So within a very short time he’s lunging forward at this mirrored thing and maintaining his territory against this guy and barely holding on And
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