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Who’s just kind of dispersed Another one who’s just kind of dispersed And they’ve come together in something called a Disney Baby Yoda Halloween Shirt, Hallowen Star Wars Shirt fruiting body which is how bacteria reproduce or whatever And there’s two parts to a fruiting body There’s one which is the stalk which attaches to something or other And then there is the part that actually fruits So you want to be in the fruiting part because that’s the part that actually reproduces and the stalk is doing all the work there And what you see is attempts at cheating Attempts at one of these strains trying to disproportionately wind up in the fruiting part and what you also see is the next time around this other strain will not cooperate with it Will not form a social colony So that’s getting played off at the level of single cell organisms forming big social colonies Getting played at that level Yes as we will see reciprocal altruism works most readily in big smart long lived social beasts But it can occur in all sorts of systems What it’s built around is reciprocal cooperation And intrinsic in that it is another motivation going on there Not just to involve the reciprocal relationship with a non relative and many hands and light tasks and all of that But also whenever possible to cheat To take advantage of the other individual And thus another key facet of it is to be very good at detecting when somebody is cheating against you To be vigilant about cheating in what would otherwise be a stable reciprocal relationship And an awful lot of social behavior is built around animals either trying to get away with something or spotting somebody else doing the same An example of it There is a test that’s used in evolutionary psychology where you are given this very complicated story or another version of a complicated story where somebody promises if you do this you’ll get this reward But if you do that you’re going to get this punishment And really complex And one outcome the outcome of it is the person isn’t supposed to get rewarded But. Black hamlet fish And they can change gender So you’ll have a pair of them who hang out with each other of opposite genders and they take turns They flip back and forth For a while this one’s female and for a while this one’s female And they go back and forth and that’s great But there’s an inequity there which is that the price of reproduction is greater for the female than for the male As is the case in so many species the female doing all that egg and ovaduct and progesterone stuff or whatever it is And the male’s just got to come up with some sperm there Doing to reproduction as a cooperating pair they’re not relatives Reciprocal altruism maximizing each of their reproductions Whoever’s the female in any given round is the one who’s paying more What you see are reciprocal relationships there of the fish using tit for tat If you get one fish that begins to cheat and winds up being a male too much of the time the other fish stops cooperating with them Again tit for tat stuff So people were just blown out of the water at this point seeing whoa forget rational human economic thinking all of that You go out into the wild and bats and stickleback fish and gender switching fish and all of that they’re following some of the exact same strategies Isn’t nature amazing No nature isn’t amazing It’s the exact same logic as saying a giraffe has to have a heart that’s strong enough to pump blood to the top of the head of a giraffe Or else there wouldn’t be a giraffe And when you look at this realm it’s applying the same notion This same sort of wind tunnel of selective optimization for behavior in this case when to cheat when to cooperate sculpts something that is as optimized as a giraffe’s heart being the right size So this made perfect sense Wonderful But then people began to look a little bit closer and began to see the very distressing real world beginning to creep in there Which were exceptions First exception This was done by a guy named Craig Packer University. Automated version for everyone the company calls replicas the AI companion who cares the chat bot uses a neural network to engage in one on one conversations with its user people talk to the bots about what’s going on in their lives and it responds based on the material that it’s gathered so far Music Casey filling him also designs high tech products she moved from her home in Birmingham Alabama to San Francisco a year ago Casey often felt lonely because she was far away from her friends and family then she got acquainted with the replica bot I know it’s not real but I enjoy the feeling I get by using it so I kind of give it a you know personality and a you know an image in my head of what this this thing might be it’s like a stuffed animal kind of with the personality we’ve all had social interactions with teddy bears and dolls it doesn’t appear to do any harm did you haven’t just iein grouped we tend to anthropomorphize many different things even Thunder robots of course but also all sorts of horrible like our paths the same of the eye and I guess question is whether we can create like a connection with with an AI I definitely think so people create a connection with the toys and with all sorts of inanimate like not even leaving objects the Asakusa to the first short story that dealt with the relationship between humans and humanoid robots dates back 200 years it was written by ETA Xavier ETA Hoffmann human Felice a young man falls in love with a beautiful young woman and she turns out to be an automaton the point is that this story is two centuries old the subject matter turned up later in the number of science fiction films very recently in fact in youngsters is Vita annoyed in feet of on off key the only difference is that the computer graphics are a lot better today the computer coffee si si stahma Music Music why not you know but if it makes you feel better it’s like you know the same thing if you take medication for depression it’s not actually making you better it’s just putting a band aid over the

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Services entrust them with our data but the company is impervious to the public a Disney Baby Yoda Halloween Shirt, Hallowen Star Wars Shirt selfie at the entrance gate is just about tolerated Music next door at apple the visitor center’s 3d model of the campus is as close as non employees can get to the new building what’s going on inside Music it’s all confidential Music we want to visit google here in california and requested an interview weeks before our arrival but all we get are stalling tactics like these visitors google leaves us out in the cold apart from a small store this is the only visitor highlight accessible to the public these android lawn statues are even a designated location on google maps Applause welcome to google google Music the european union handing google a 2 7 billion dollar anti trust fine these companies command growing power over our daily lives and growing political influence google spends more than 6 million euros a year lobbying brussels alone the eu’s transparency register lists more than 200 meetings with google representatives since 2014 google is the busiest lobbyist in brussels Music we finally get our interview not in california but in munich germany with one of the longest serving employees jens redma how important is ai for google ai is so important to us that two years ago we rebranded our entire research division to google ai ai drives a significant part of our product development ai above all drives a significant part of our efforts to improve the quality of our products take machine translation through the use of machine algorithms we’ve seen faster progress over the last two years than we did over the entire previous decade society will undoubtedly be propelled forward by the implementation of these services and the use of ai in the years to come what’s key is that it’s done responsibly under the principles of transparency we need to explain how things work why they are needed where people’s data goes how they can control it how they can delete it if they want to delete it or forward it the user must have control. Cooperative system of mutually restraint of aggression all of that And thanks to a signal error a cheating signal was accidentally sent off And how did the book end A tit for tat response In order to avoid thermonuclear wasteland the Soviet Union was allowed to destroy New York All right so that shows exactly how you could then get into a see sawing thing simply by way of if the system has any vulnerability to signal error So it soon became clear as soon as Axelrod began to introduce the possibility of signal errors that tit for tat didn’t work as well as another strategy one that quickly came to the forefront And that one for some strange reason that’s the way it’s shown That one was called forgiving tit for tat What happens with forgiving tit for tat The usual rule like tit for tat if you cooperate if they cooperate you always cooperate If they cheat against you you punish them in the next round Exactly the same thing as tit for tat but oh no what if there’s a signal error in the system and you’ve gotten caught in one of these horrible seesawing things What forgiving tit for tat does is we’ll have a rule for example that if we see saw like this five times in a row I will forego cheating the next time And instead I’ll cooperate And that will get things back on track I am willing to be forgiving in one round in order to re establish cooperation after the signal error came in And that one as soon as you introduce the possibility of signal error that one out competes tit for tat Because it makes perfect sense It’s a great way of solving that problem So that was terrific Tit for tat with the ability to forgive and what you would then see is variability how many of these do you need to go through before you forgive what’s the optimal number of see sawings all of that So a whole world of optimizing how soon you’re forgiving Nonetheless the general theme being forgiving tit for tat out competes tit for tat when you can have signal error But there is a vulnerability. And mass in a way that you might not think are connected with tremendous consequences it means you can take mass and produce energy out of it as it happens in nuclear processes and atom bombs or you can take energy pure energy and create particles out of it that’s actually what happens in the big colliders now there’s a similar equation that is even more powerful which is the equation Einstein used to describe gravity general relativity now unfortunately this equation is not as famous as equals mc squared a little bit more complicated but it has the same kind of beautiful flavor that it connects two worlds that you wouldn’t expect to be connected on the left hand side is a mathematical symbol that captures space space and time on the right hand side is something that captures mass and energy so in words or in images what this equation is doing it’s telling basically mass tell space how to curve if you put something in space like I’m standing here on the stage actually it’s like the stage is made out of rubber it will Bend space can curve space and time can curve that’s one part of the equation and in equation the other way round it says space time tells mass how to move because if you have a curved space what do you mean even by going straight so for instance if you think about the moon orbiting the Earth actually it’s the Earth’s gravitational field curves the space around it and the moon tries to go as straight as possible in that curve space and has this beautiful circular motion well this inside of Einstein was absolutely brilliant and he realized that if this is the case everything should actually curve what happens yes everything should be curved in particular also light and so he proposed an experiment to measure the deflection of light of stars close to the Sun and this could only be done after World War one in 1919 effects last may be celebrated exactly 100 years ago at the eclipse of May 29 1919 that this particular experiment was done by the British astronomer Sir Arthur Eddington and he actually
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